Engines are feedback systems which once started, rely on the inertia from each cycle to initiate the next cycle. In a four-stroke engine, the third stroke releases energy from the fuel, powering the fourth (exhaust) stroke and also the first two (intake, compression) strokes of the next cycle, as well as powering the engine’s external load. To start the first cycle of engine’s run session, the first two strokes must be powered in some other way. The starter motor is used for this purpose and is not required once the system starts running.

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Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the output of the plant.

In an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent of how much power is drawn from the line.

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An automotive battery is a type of rechargeable battery that supplies electric energy to an automobile.[1] An automotive SLI battery (starting, lighting, ignition) powers the starter motor, the lights, and the ignition system of a vehicle’s engine.

Automotive SLI batteries are usually lead-acid type, and are made of six galvanic cells in series to provide a 12-volt system. Each cell provides 2.1 volts for a total of 12.6 volts at full charge. Heavy vehicles, such as highway trucks or tractors, often equipped with diesel engines, may have two batteries in series for a 24-volt system or may have parallel strings of batteries.

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An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current.[1] For reasons of cost and simplicity, most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with a stationary armature.[2] Occasionally, a linear alternator or a rotating armature with a stationary magnetic field is used.

In principle, any AC electrical generator can be called an alternator, but usually the term refers to small rotating machines driven by automotive and other internal combustion engines. An alternator that uses a permanent magnet for its magnetic field is called a magneto. Alternators in power stations driven by steam turbines are called turbo-alternators.

Alternating current generating systems were known in simple forms from the discovery of the magnetic induction of electric current in the 1830s. The early machines were developed by pioneers such as Michael Faraday and Hippolyte Pixii.

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The focus of this article is the use in automobiles (hence car radio or car stereo), though the term can be used referring to similar systems fitted to marine and aviation craft, motorcycles, or heavy industrial equipment. The primary use of such equipment is usually entertainment, but can also include communications equipment, public address, and other similar applications.

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An antenna (or aerial) is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the antenna’s terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.

Antennas are essential components of all equipment that uses radio. They are used in systems such as radio broadcasting, broadcast television, two-way radio, communications receivers, radar, cell phones, and satellite communications, as well as other devices such as garage door openers, wireless microphones, Bluetooth-enabled devices, wireless computer networks, baby monitors, and RFID tags on merchandise.

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